Observations of the post-common-envelope binaries EG UMa and PG 1026+002     

James N. Bleach  Janet H. Wood  M. S. Catalán  W. F. Welsh  E. L. Robinson  W. Skidmore 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,312(1):70-82

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Tufa Accumulations in Ephemeral Streams: Observations from The Kimberley,north-west Australia     

Janet S. Wright 《The Australian geographer》2000,31(3):333-347

Four types of tufa occur along creeks draining the Oscar Range in the Kimberley region of Western Australia; stream-bed tufa, tufa dams, stream-bed tufa waterfalls, and rimstone pools. Well-developed tufa dam and waterfall formations occur at significant breaks of slope within the channel long profile. This suggests that disruption of the hydraulic flow regime and increased turbulence at these points has an important role to play in determining the location of tufa deposits. However, the best-developed stream-bed tufa deposits are located immediately upstream of dam and waterfall formations, which indicates that the evaporation of water ponded behind these flow obstructions may lead to calcium carbonate precipitation during the dry season. The presence of plant and cyanobacterial communities on, and the incorporation of organic material into, the best-developed tufa formations indicates that biological activity may have an important role to play in determining both the rate of tufa deposition and the internal structure of the resulting accumulations.  相似文献   

In Retrospect: The Shaping of The Professional Geographer     

Stuart C. Aitken  Janet Franklin 《The Professional geographer》2000,52(4):591-593

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Line-driven disc wind models with an improved line force     

Daniel Proga  †  James M. Stone  Janet E. Drew 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,310(2):476-482

We describe an efficient method of calculating the radiation pressure resulting from spectral lines, including all the terms in the velocity gradient tensor. We apply this method to calculate the two-dimensional, time-dependent structure of winds from luminous discs. Qualitative features of our new models are very similar to those we calculated including only the dominant terms in the tensor. In particular, we find that models which displayed unsteady behaviour in our earlier paper are also unsteady with the new method, and gross properties of the winds, such as mass-loss rate and characteristic velocity, are not changed by the more accurate approach. The largest change caused by the new method is in the disc-wind opening angle: winds driven only by the disc radiation are more polar with the new method, whilst winds driven by the disc and central object radiation are typically more equatorial. In the closing discussion, we provide further insight into the way the geometry of the radiation field and consequent flow determine the time properties of the flow.  相似文献   

Multidisciplined investigation to locate the Kentucky shipwreck     

Janet E. Simms  Paul E. Albertson 《Geoarchaeology》2000,15(5):441-468

A local artifact collector contacted the U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg in the fall of 1994 concerning timbers from a ship protruding from the west bank of the Red River, Louisiana, during the summer of 1994. From historical records it was determined that the shipwreck is that of the Kentucky, which sank in 1865. An investigation integrating archaeological, geological, and geophysical methods was undertaken to determine the location, orientation, and depth of the wreckage. Based on site geology, the shipwreck is expected to lie within a silty sand deposit within 4–8.5 m below the ground surface. The results of probe investigations performed by the archaeologists and borehole data orient the long axis of the ship N57.5E. This orientation conflicts with the geophysical data, which suggest an orientation of N116W. The geophysical surveys identified an anomalous region, approximately 31 m long and 10 m wide, that borders the Red River and an abandoned channel of the Red River. The magnetometer data suggests that the bow of the ship is pointed toward the abandoned channel. This orientation contradicts historical records which have the bow pointing toward the modern Red River. A subsequent underwater investigation by the archaeological contractor discovered a rudder‐related mechanism protruding from the bank of the Red River, confirming the geophysical prediction. All three scientific surveys agree that the wreckage is at a depth 3.8–8.5 m below ground surface and at an inclined position, with a downward slope from the bank of the Red River to the abandoned channel. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.*  相似文献   

Use of terrestrial photogrammetry for monitoring and measuring bank erosion     

Rachel Barker  Lawrence Dixon  Janet Hooke 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1997,22(13):1217-1227

This paper examines the use of terrestrial photogrammetry as a technique for measuring bank erosion in a rapidly changing fluvial environment. It has been recognized that there are a number of advantages when applying photogrammetric techniques to geomorphological situations. In this study the enhancement of spatial sampling combined with the ability to capture additional information, such as soil moisture, on film, is of particular importance in enabling the identification of specific processes involved in bank erosion as well as detailed volumetric analysis of losses. Metric terrestrial photography was taken of the river bank on several dates, and data were abstracted by the use of analytical photogrammetry. This enabled the generation of digital terrain models from which morphological and volumetric changes could be assessed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Middle Wisconsinan marine shells near Repulse Bay,Nunavut, Canada: implications for Marine Isotope Stage 3 ice‐free conditions and Laurentide Ice Sheet dynamics in north‐west Hudson Bay     

Isabelle McMartin  Janet E. Campbell  Lynda A. Dredge 《第四纪科学杂志》2019,34(1):64-75

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Modeling movement,distributions, diversity,and disturbance: introduction to the fifth special issue on spatial ecology     

Jennifer Miller  Shawn Laffan  Andrew Skidmore  Janet Franklin 《International journal of geographical information science》2020,34(8):1503-1507

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The COMET experiment     

J. Borg  J.-P. Bibring  Y. Langevin  Ph. Salvetat  B. Vassent 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1993,28(5):641-648

Abstract— The COMET program is a program for the collection of micron to submicron interplanetary dust particles in low Earth orbits. Since collection takes place as the Earth crosses a given meteor stream, the particles are mainly of cometary origin. The grain remnants, located at their impact positions on high purity metallic collectors, are analysed in the laboratory for chemical and isotopical identification. The COMET-1 experiment took place in 1985 October, during encounter with the Draconid meteor stream, related to the Giacobini-Zinner comet. The fluence of extraterrestrial grains that had impacted our detectors was ～10x higher than the value of the mean meteroid fluence at ～1AU, which suggests that most of the grains originated from the Giacobini-Zinner comet. One of the most important results of their chemical analysis was that ～90% of them are enriched in low Z elements (C and O have undoubedly been identified). They could contain a CHON phase similar to that observed in the close environment of Halley's nucleus. The first imagery of the grain remnants by field emission scanning electron microscopy suggests that they are very low density aggregates still present at the impacting positions which, in most cases, are very different from the impact craters observed for the same mean relative velocity for full grains of the same size. These results show that the COMET program has constituted an important step towards the analysis of cometary material and the understanding of the evolution of the early Solar System.  相似文献   

Genetic aspects of the Geita and Jubilee Reef Archean BIF-hosted gold deposits,Tanzania     

G. Borg  D. R. Lyatuu  D. Rammlmair 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1990,79(2):355-371

The Sukumaland Greenstone Belt (new name), which is located in north-western Tanzania hosts a large number of gold deposits, prospects and occurrences. The Archean stratigraphy comprises an older basement of granitic gneisses (Dodoman System) overlain by mafic and ultramafic volcanics which are succeeded by felsic volcanic rocks and a banded iron formation (BIF), predominantly as oxide facies. The volcanics and BIF together make up the Nyanzian System. The uppermost part of the Archean stratigraphy (Kavirondian System) consists of conglomerates and quartzites which rest unconformably on the older units. The sequence has been intruded by both syn- and post-orogenic granitoids and by several generations of felsic and intermediate dykes and sills. Gold mineralisation is abundant in all stratigraphic units except for the granitic rocks. Six types of mineralisation can be distinguished. These are BIF-hosted, hear zone type, (quartz-) vein type, clastic sedimenthosted alluvial/eluvial, and massive sulphide type deposits. The last is represented by only one deposit in this area.The location of the BIF-hosted gold mineralisation is controlled by trachytic rocks of both dyke- and sill-like appearance and brecciated shear zones which follow the contacts between BIF and intercalations of tuff. The host rocks around these trachytes and shear zones have been pervasively mineralised with pyrite, auriferous pyrite and native gold, selectively replacing magnetite layers.The mineralisation grades from massively replaced layers at the trachyte/BIF- or tuff/BIF-contact into disseminated layers, rare specks of pyrite and eventually into barren BIF. Permeable features such as veins, fractures, breccia zones and shear zones may contain mineralisation even away from the main ore zones.Ore textures and fire assay results from Geita and Jubilee Reef indicate the introduction of ore fluids via epigenetic conduits into the adjacent wall rocks. Neither a depletion halo in the adjacent BIF (lateral secretion) nor a zone of footwall alteration or stringer ore, which might support a syngenetic/replacement concept for the mineralisation have been found.The main precipitating mechanism was probably a redox reaction of the ascending, reducing ore fluids with the magnetite of the BIF. This reaction resulted in the replacement of magnetite by pyrite, a rise in Eh, and the precipitation of gold together with the pyrite. The authors propose an epigenetic mineralisation process which produced ore-grade mineralisation of different styles in all stratigraphic units. The special physico-chemical trap of the magnetite layers led to the development of pyrite/gold mineralisation of generally stratabound appearance. The ore fluids originated probably from granitic intrusions and the underlying mafic volcanics are a possible gold source. For textural reasons the surrounding BIF is unlikely to have supplied a major portion of the gold.

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Zusammenfassung Der Sukumaland Greenstone Belt (neuer Name) im Nordwesten Tanzanias beherbergt eine große Zahl von Goldvorkommen unterschiedlicher wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung. Die Archaische Stratigraphie umfaßt ein aus granitischem Gneiss bestehendes Grundgebirge (Dodoman-System), auf dem mafische und ultramafische Vulkanite ruhen, die wiederum von felsischen Vulkaniten und hauptsächlich oxydischer banded iron formation (BIF) überlagert werden. Diese Vulkanit- und BIF-Serien stellen die stratigraphische Einheit des Nyanzian-Systems dar. Der Top der Archaischen Stratigraphie wird von Konglomeraten und Quarziten des Kavirondian gebildet, welches diskordant auf den älteren Einheiten liegen. Synund postorogene Granitoide sowie mehrere Generationen von felsischen und intermediären Gängen sind in die Archaische Abfolge intrudiert.Goldindikationen und -vorkommen sind relativ häufig und treten in allen stratigraphischen Einheiten mit Ausnahme der Granitoide auf. Dabei lassen sich sechs Typen von Goldmineralisationen unterscheiden; diese sind: Gold in BIF, in Scherzonen, in Goldquarzgängen, in klastischen Archaischen Sedimenten, in Alluvionen und in massiven Sulfiden. Vom letztgenannten Typ ist bisher lediglich ein Vorkommen im Untersuchungsgebiet bekannt. Die Position der Goldmineralisation in den BIFs wird von trachitischen Dykes und Sills sowie von Scherzonen im Kontaktbereich zwischen BIF und Tuffeinschaltungen kontrolliert. Die Kontaktbereiche zu den brekziierten Scherzonen und trachytischen Gesteinen sind stark mineralisiert, wobei Pyrit, goldhaltiger Pyrit und Freigold selektiv Magnetitlagen verdrängt und sulfidisiert haben.Der Verdrängungsprozeß Magnetit/Pyrit hat im direkten Kontaktbereich zwischen Trachit bzw. Tuffzwischenlagen und BIF zur Bildung von massiven Pyrit-Lagen geführt. Lateral gehen diese massiv sulfidisierten Bereiche in Lagen von Magnetit mit disseminierter Pyritmineralisation über, weiter distal in vereinzelte Pyritkörner und schließlich in sulphidfreie Oxydfazies-BIF. Außerhalb dieser mineralisierten Kon taktzonen, teilweise in erheblichem Abstand zur Hauptmineralisation, enthalten auch Bereiche erhöhter (tektonischer) Permeabilität, wie z. B. kleine Trümer, Klüfte, Brekzien- und Scherzonen, stellenweise reiche Pyrit/Gold-Mineralisationen.Untersuchungen von Erzverteilung und -texturen sowie Goldanalysen (fire assay) von Geita und Jubilee Reef belegen eine Wanderung der Erzlösungen durch epigenetische Strukturen in die Magnetitlagen des umgebenden Gesteins. Es konnten weder Zeichen für Lateralsekretion — vom umliegenden Gestein in Erzzonen oder Goldquarzgänge — noch eine Alterationszone im stratigraphisch Liegenden festgestellt werden; beide Phänomene wären deutliche Argumente für ein syngenetisches Konzept (mit teilweiser späterer Umverteilung der Mineralisation). Die Verteilungsmuster der Goldgehalte sprechen gegen eine intraformationelle Herkunft des Goldes.Der Hauptausfällungsmechanismus dürfte eine Redoxreaktion der aufsteigenden reduzierten Erzlösungen mit den Magnetitlagen der BIF gewesen sein. Diese Redoxreaktion hatte die Verdrängung des Magnetit durch Pyrit (Sulfidisierung) sowie eine drastische Erhöhung des Eh-Wertes zur Folge und bedingte so die Ausfällung des Goldes zusammen mit dem Pyrit.Ein epigenetischer Mineralisationsprozeß führte zur Bildung reicher Goldvererzungen unterschiedlicher Typen in sämtlichen stratigraphischen Einheiten. Innerhalb der BIF bedingte die spezielle physiko-chemische Falle der Magnetitlagen die Bildung schichtgebundener Pyrit/Goldmineralisation epigenetischen Ursprungs. Die Erzlösungen stammten vermutlich von granitischen Intrusionen wobei die mafischen Vulkanite des tieferen Nyanzian als naheliegende Lieferanten des Goldes in Betracht kommen.

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Résumé Le «Sukumaland Greenstone Belt» (nouveau nom), situé dans le nord-ouest de la Tanzanie, renferme un grand nombre de venues aurifères, d'importances économiques diverses. Au point de vue stratigraphique, l'Archéen comprend un socle ancien de gneiss granitiques (Système de Dodoman), surmonté de volcanites mafiques à ultramafiques auxquelles succèdent des volcanites felsitiques et une formation ferrugineuse rubanée (BIF = banded iron formation) de faciès essentiellement oxydé. L'ensemble des volcanites de la BIF constitue le Système Nyanzien. La partie supérieure de l'Archéen (Système Kavirondien) consiste en conglomérats et quartzites discordants sur les unités plus anciennes. Le tout a été intrudé par des granitoïdes syn- et post-orogéniques et par plusieurs générations de dykes et sills felsitiques et intermédiaires. La minéralisation en or est abondante dans toutes les unités stratigraphiques, à l'exception des roches granitiques. On peut distinguer six types de minéralisations: celles qui sont contenues dans la BIF, celles qui sont associées à des shear-zones, à des veines de quartz, des paléo-placers, des minéralisations alluviales et éluviales et un type à sulfures massifs, ce dernier représenté seulement par un seul exemplaire.L'emplacement des minéralisations contenues dans la BIF est en relation avec la présence de roches trachytiques en sills ou en dykes et avec des shear-zones bréchiées qui jalonnent le contact entre la BIF et des intercalations de tuf. Les rocheshôtes au voisinage de ces trachytes et de ces shear-zones ont été imprégnées de pyrite, de pyrite aurifère et d'or natif, qui ont remplacé sélectivement les lits de magnétite. Il existe tous les intermédiaires entre les lits remplacés massivement aux contacts trachyte/BIF ou tuf/BIF, les lits à pyrites éparses et les lits stériles. En dehors, et même assez loin de ces zones de contact favorables, des concentrations minéralisées se rencontrent en des endroits perméables, tels que veines, fractures, zones bréchiques et shear-zones.Les textures des minerais ainsi que les analyses (fire assay) du «Geita and Jubilee reef» montrent l'envahissement des roches adjacentes par des solutions minéralisantes circulant dans des conduits épigénétiques. On n'a observé ni halos appauvris dans les roches BIF adjacentes, ni zones d'altération dans les roches stratigraphiquement sous-jacentes, phénomènes susceptibles d'être invoqués à l'appui d'un modèle de remplacement syngénétique.Le mécanisme principal de la précipitation a probablement consisté en une réaction d'oxydo-réduction entre la magnétite de la BIF et les fluides minéralisés réducteurs ascendants. Cette réaction a entraîné le remplacement de la magnétite par la pyrite, une augmentation de Eh et la précipitation simultanée de l'or. Les auteurs proposent un processus de minéralisation épigénétique aboutissant à des dépôts de types divers dans chaque unité stratigraphique. Les pièges physico-chimiques que constituaient les niveaux à magnétite ont conduit à des corps minéralisés de pyrite aurifère d'allure généralement stratiforme. L'origine des fluides minéralisateurs aurifères doit probablement être trouvée dans les intrusions granitiques et les volcanites mafiques sous-jacentes. Des raisons structurales rendent peu probable qu'une fraction importante de l'or provienne de la BIF avoisinante.

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